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The Abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A of the Indian Constitution and Its Implications for the South Asian Regional Strategic Environment

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Open access · 2026

The Abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A of the Indian Constitution and Its Implications for the South Asian Regional Strategic Environment

A Critical Analysis of the Presidential Order, Constitutional Transformation, and Geopolitical Consequences

By Dr. Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari

Publisher
Lumina Literati Publishing
Publication
2026
ISBN
978-627-7813-64-2
DOI
10.65758/isbn.9786277813642
Format
Open-access PDF · 311 pages
Licence
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
Read onlineDownload PDFCite this book

Book overview

The Abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A of the Indian Constitution and Its Implications for the South Asian Regional Strategic Environment examines the constitutional changes concerning Jammu and Kashmir in August 2019 and their implications for regional politics and security. The book connects the history of the Kashmir dispute with debates about constitutional authority, autonomy, sovereignty, and the strategic relationships among India, Pakistan, and China.

Across seven chapters, Dr. Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari considers developments following the withdrawal of the provisions, Pakistan’s responses, and the wider implications for diplomacy, deterrence, and regional stability. Drawing on securitization theory, deterrence theory, and regional security complex theory, the study discusses survey material and elite interviews alongside historical, constitutional, and geopolitical analysis. A dedicated chapter explores Pakistani strategic perspectives on the changes.

Written for students, researchers, policy analysts, diplomats, and readers of South Asian politics, the book concludes with discussion of possible approaches to dialogue and de-escalation. Bibliographical sources and ten appendices provide supporting material, including constitutional provisions, agreements, presidential orders, legislation, and the study questionnaire.

Inside the book

  1. 01

    Introduction to Study

    Page 1

  2. 02

    Brief Historical Study of Kashmir

    Page 51

  3. 03

    IoK in Post withdrawal of Article 370 & 35 (A)

    Page 87

  4. 04

    Indian’s Abrogation of Article 370/35(A): A Pakistan Perspective

    Page 105

  5. 05

    The Implications of the Abrogation of Article 370/35 (A)

    Page 127

  6. 06

    Elite Perceptions on the Geopolitical Implications of the Abrogation of Article 370 and 35A: A Pakistani Strategic Perspective

    Page 155

  7. 07

    Indian Held Kashmir: A Way Forward

    Page 207

About the author

Dr. Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari

Dr. Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari is a scholar and researcher in political science and strategic studies, affiliated with Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan. He holds a PhD in Political Science with specialization in Strategic Studies.

His research interests include strategic analysis, international relations, South Asian security, constitutional politics, regional conflict, and policy research. His work addresses Kashmir studies, national integration, security policy, the Muslim world, and changing regional and global political dynamics. He has authored research papers and books and contributes to academic peer review.

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311 pages · English · PDF

The Abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A of the Indian Constitution and Its Implications for the South Asian Regional Strategic Environment

© 2026 Dr. Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari. Copyright is retained by the author. Published open access under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence. Sharing is permitted for noncommercial purposes with attribution; adapted versions may not be distributed under this licence.

Cite this book

Bukhari, S. R. H. (2026). The abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A of the Indian Constitution and its implications for the South Asian regional strategic environment. Lumina Literati Publishing. https://doi.org/10.65758/isbn.9786277813642

References

The bibliography from the book, with links where provided in the source. Bibliographical sources begin on printed page 233 (PDF page 246).

View the complete bibliography
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  18. Ibid., 110–145.
  19. Ibid., 210–235; see also “From Partition to Abrogation: Tracing the History of Article 370,” International Journal of Financial and Management Research 7, no. 3 (2024): 1–15.
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  21. Ibid., 2: conclusion.
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  245. Jonathan Fulton, “India-Gulf Relations Are Muted—But Mobilizing,” Atlantic Council, MENASource, July 14, 2025, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/india-gulf-relations-are-muted-but-mobilizing/.
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  248. Prashant Divakar Satpute, “India-Pakistan Conflict: A Case Study of the Pahalgam Attack and Operation Sindoor,” International Journal of Political Science and Governance 7, no. 7 (2025): 29–32, https://doi.org/10.33545/26646021.2025.v7.i7a.583.
  249. Organization of Islamic Cooperation and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan, “Joint Communiqué of the OIC Contact Group on Jammu and Kashmir,” https://mofa.gov.pk/joint-communique-of-the-oic-contact-group-on-jammu-and-kashmir.
  250. Aakar Patel, “India: The Government Must End the Repression of Rights in Jammu & Kashmir,” Amnesty International, September 5, 2022, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/09/india-the-government-must-end-the-repression-of-rights-in-jammu-and-kashmir
  251. Seyyed Abbas Mousavi, “Spokesman Urges India-Pakistan Dialogue over Jammu and Kashmir,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran, August 7, 2019, https://en.mfa.ir/portal/newsview/48308/Spokesman-Urges-India-Pakistan-Dialogue-over-Jammu-and-Kashmir.
  252. Aqsa Amjad, “India-Saudi Arabia Relations and Its Impact on Pakistan,” Journal of Indian Studies 11, no. 2 (2025): 118–128, https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/indianStudies/PDF/3_v11_2_25.pdf.
  253. “Bahrain Confers ‘Order of the Renaissance’ on Modi,” The News International, August 26, 2019, https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/517666-bahrain-confers-order-of-the-renaissance-on-modi.
  254. Bilal Tariq, “China’s Interest in Kashmir: Geostrategic Implications of Sino-India Conflict on the IIOJK Dispute,” KIIR Research Paper, accessed January 27, 2026, https://kiir.org.pk/Research-Paper/chinas-interest-in-kashmir-geostrategic-implications-of-sino-india-conflict-on-the-iiojk-dispute-2452
  255. Marie Pegu, “Russia’s Policy on the Kashmir Issue and Its Relation with India,” Inclusive 1, no. 17 (2023), https://inclusivejournal.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/inclusive-vol-I-no-17.pdf.
  256. Pramila Jayapal, “Jayapal Celebrates Kashmiri Dr. Mubeen Shah’s Permanent Release, Calls on India to End All Arbitrary Detentions,” Office of Congresswoman Pramila Jayapal, December 9, 2019, https://jayapal.house.gov/2019/12/09/jayapal-celebrates-kashmiri-dr-mubeen-shahs-permanent-release-calls-on-india-to-end-all-arb.
  257. Enrico D’Ambrogio, “India-Administered Kashmir: Current Situation,” European Parliamentary Research Service, September 2019, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2019/640157/EPRS_ATA(2019)640157_EN.pdf.
  258. Tytti Tuppurainen, “Verbatim Report of Proceedings: Situation in Kashmir (Debate),” European Parliament, September 17, 2019, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/CRE-9-2019-09-17-ITM-018_EN.html.
  259. Atika Rehman, “UK Parliament Urges Renewed Talks on Kashmir,” Dawn, May 19, 2025, https://www.dawn.com/news/1911856.
  260. Shairee Malhotra, “Britain’s Kashmir Conundrum: Poetic Justice?” The Diplomat, December 6, 2019, https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/britains-kashmir-conundrum-poetic-justice/.
  261. “Erdogan Conveys Turkey’s Solidarity with Pakistan PM amid Crisis with India,” Reuters, May 7, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/erdogan-conveys-turkeys-solidarity-pakistan-pm-amid-crisis-with-india-2025-05-07/.
  262. Cherylann Mollan, “India Refuses to Sign Joint Statement at Defence Summit over Kashmir,” BBC News, June 27, 2025, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czxe48njkxwo.
  263. Hari Prasad, “India-GCC Relations: More Than Just Economics,” South Asian Voices, September 20, 2019, https://southasianvoices.org/india-gcc-relations-more-than-just-economics/.
  264. “Pakistan’s Diplomatic Offensive at UN: Bilawal Leads Efforts to Resolve Kashmir Dispute, Address Regional Tensions,” Pakistan Today, June 3, 2025, https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/06/03/pakistans-diplomatic-offensive-at-un-bilawal-leads-efforts-to-resolve-kashmir-dispute-address-regional-tensions.
  265. Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver, and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998).
  266. Hijab Shah and Melissa Dalton, “Indian Revocation of Kashmir’s Special Status,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, August 12, 2019, https://www.csis.org/analysis/indian-revocation-kashmirs-special-status
  267. Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari, “Navigating the Digital Divide: The Strategic Implications of Social Media in Future Conflicts Between India and Pakistan,” Spry Contemporary Educational Practices 3, no. 1 (2024): 521–41, https://www.sprypublishers.com/admin/uploads/article/664b96ee75986.pdf
  268. Interview with Mr. X, senior ambassador, December 5, 2024.
  269. Interview with Senior Diplomat, December 12, 2024
  270. Interview with Mr. W, retired corps commander, July 12, 2024.
  271. Interview with senior bureaucrat, May 17, 2024.
  272. Interview with senior parliamentarian, February 24, 2025.
  273. Interview with high-level serving diplomat, June 7, 2024.
  274. Interview with retired army general, January 4, 2025.
  275. Interview with elderly civil servant, August 27, 2024.
  276. Interview with elderly civil servant, August 2, 2024.
  277. Interview with Mr. W, senior retired intelligence officer, September 14, 2024.
  278. Interview with Ammar Khan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, January 2, 2026
  279. Interview with senior bureaucrat, January 6, 2026.
  280. Interview with senior parliamentarian, June 13, 2025.
  281. Interview with Mr. Y, February 7, 2026.
  282. Interview with Mr. Z, retired general, September 14, 2024.
  283. Interview with senior bureaucrat, July 30, 2025.
  284. Interview with Mr. Sheraz, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, February 10, 2026.
  285. Interview with retired brigadier, December 25, 2025.
  286. Interview with senior retired bureaucrat, November 10, 2025.
  287. Interview with senior parliamentarian, September 15, 2025.
  288. Interview with Sunny Shah, senior parliamentarian, December 5, 2025.
  289. Interview with Senior Military Officer Mr. X, Octobar 1, 2025.
  290. Interview with senior bureaucrat, October 4, 2025.
  291. Interview with senior parliamentarian, December 25, 2024.
  292. Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver, and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998).
  293. Hijab Shah and Melissa Dalton, “Indian Revocation of Kashmir’s Special Status,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, August 12, 2019, https://www.csis.org/analysis/indian-revocation-kashmirs-special-status
  294. Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari, “Navigating the Digital Divide: The Strategic Implications of Social Media in Future Conflicts Between India and Pakistan,” Spry Contemporary Educational Practices 3, no. 1 (2024): 521–41, https://www.sprypublishers.com/admin/uploads/article/664b96ee75986.pdf
  295. National Security Policy Program (NSPP), Strategic Shifts in India-Pakistan Relations: Pulwama, Balakot and Article 370 (February 2025), https://nspp.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Strategic-Shifts%20in-India-Pakistan-Relations.pdf.
  296. Hamza Rehman, Tayba Anwar, and Rizwan Haider, “Abrogation of Article 370: Impacts on India-Pakistan Relations,” Journal of Development and Social Sciences 6, no. 1 (2025): 258–268, https://doi.org/10.47205/jdss.2025(6-I)23.
  297. Asad Ullah Khan, Abrogation of Article 370 and 35-A: Policy Options for Pakistan (Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir: Centre for International Strategic Studies, 2025), https://strategicperspectives.cissajk.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Abrogation-of-Article-370-and-35-A-Policy-Options-for-Pakistan.pdf.
  298. Ian Hall, “India’s China Strategy after Galwan: Minilateral and Multilateral Soft Balancing in the Indo-Pacific,” International Affairs 101, no. 5 (September 2025): 1815–1832, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaf069.
  299. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan, “Pakistan Expresses Concern with UN over Indian Move to Violate UNSC Resolutions on Kashmir,” press release, April 23, 2025, https://mofa.gov.pk/pakistan-expresses-concern-with-un-over-indian-move-to-violate-unsc-resolutions-on-kas.
  300. Institute for Policy Studies, Pakistan’s Relations with Iran, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Turkey & Malaysia, Foreign Policy Brief 8 (Islamabad: Institute for Policy Studies, February 2022), https://www.ips.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/06-Foreign-policy-Brief-8-Pakistans-Relations-with-Iran-Saudi-Arabia-UAE-Turkey-Malaysia.pdf.
  301. Amnesty International, “India: Protection of the Human Rights of the People of Jammu and Kashmir Must Guide the Way Forward,” Amnesty International, December 11, 2023, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/12/india-protection-of-the-human-rights-of-the-people-of-jammu-and-kashmir-must-guide-the-way-forward/
  302. Al Jazeera. (2021, February 25). India and Pakistan agree to observe 2003 Kashmir ceasefire pact. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/25/india-and-pakistan-agree-to-observe-2003-kashmir-ceasefire-pact
  303. Observer Research Foundation. (2023, September 18). SCO’s role in regional stability: Prospects for India-Pakistan dialogue. Retrieved from https://www.orfonline.org/research/scos-role-in-regional-stability-prospects-for-india-pakistan-dialogue/
  304. Kashmir Institute of International Relations, “5 Years after Revocation of Article 370/35-A,” December 11, 2025, https://kiir.org.pk/Reports/5-years-after-revocation-of-article-37035-a-4558
  305. President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, “First Lady Highlights Resilience of Kashmiri Women and Youth on Kashmir Solidarity Day,” press release, February 4, 2026, https://president.gov.pk/first-lady-highlights-resilience-of-kashmiri-women-and-youth-on-kashmir-solidarity-day-2
  306. Fakhar Hussain, Muhammad Ikramullah Khan, Sarfraz Hussain, and Saadat Nawaz, “CPEC-An Economic Engine for Peace and Its Impact on Kashmir Disagreement,” Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 3 (2021): 724–31, https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9371
  307. Vera Gowlland-Debbas, “Enforcement Mechanisms under the UN Charter and International Human Rights Law,” course outline, European University Institute, n.d., https://www.eui.eu/Documents/DepartmentsCentres/AcademyofEuropeanLaw/CourseMaterialsHR/HR2009/GowllandOutline.pdf.
  308. Human Rights Watch, “India: Repression Persists in Jammu and Kashmir,” Human Rights Watch, July 31, 2024, https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/07/31/india-repression-persists-jammu-and-kashmir

Selected Sources by Category

Primary Sources

  1. Interviews with senior government officials, military officers, diplomats, and others involved in the Kashmir issue.
  2. Official documents, reports, and statements by the Indian and Pakistani governments regarding the abrogation.

Secondary Sources

Main Books

  1. Sumantra Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace (Harvard University Press, 2003).
  2. Christopher Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris (Hurst, 2015).
  3. Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects (Princeton University Press, 2004).
  4. A. G. Noorani, Article 370: A Constitutional History of Jammu and Kashmir (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011).
  5. A. G. Noorani, The Kashmir Dispute 1947–2012, 2 vols. (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011).
  6. Alastair Lamb, Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy 1846–1990 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2003).
  7. Badri Maharaj, Indian Nuclear Strategy: Confronting the Potential Threat from Both China and Pakistan (London: Bloomsbury, 2024).
  8. Victoria Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan, and the Unending War, 2nd ed. (London: I.B. Tauris, 2003).

Main Articles

  1. Amir Ullah Khan and Zafar Nawaz Jaspal, “Health Security Governance and Zoonotic Diseases in Pakistan: The International Health Regulations (2005) Angle,” IPRI Journal XVII, no. 1 (Winter 2017): 122–145.
  2. Hijab Shah and Melissa Dalton, “Indian Revocation of Kashmir’s Special Status,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, August 12, 2019.
  3. Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari, “Navigating the Digital Divide: The Strategic Implications of Social Media in Future Conflicts Between India and Pakistan,” Spry Contemporary Educational Practices 3, no. 1 (2024): 521–41.
  4. Zafar Nawaz Jaspal and Amir Ullah Khan, “Plant Biosecurity Governance Dilemma in Pakistan: The Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,” Journal of Political Studies 24, no. 1 (2017): 245–274.

Main Reports and Documents

  1. United Nations Security Council, “UNSC Resolutions on Kashmir,” 2020.
  2. Supreme Court of India, Dr Raja Lanoo Rishi v. Union of India (2023).
  3. Organization of Islamic Cooperation, “OIC Reiterates Support for Kashmir Cause Amid Ongoing Tensions,” 2024.

Main Websites

  1. Amnesty International, “India: Protection of the Human Rights of the People of Jammu and Kashmir Must Guide the Way Forward,” December 11, 2023.
  2. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan, “Jammu and Kashmir Dispute,” August 5, 2019.
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